Malinowskis Legacy and His Views on Theory Essay

Malinowskis Legacy and His Views on Theory - Essay Example Malinowski's approach was holistic. The interaction of the natives was associated with magic, spirituality and kinship. He did later field work in Africa and the Oaxaca Valley in Mexico. Malinowski was the first Chair of Anthropology at the University of London. He lectured at Harvard and Cornell Universities and in many cities worldwide. He was a visiting professor at Yale University. His reputation as a lecturer and writer was excellent. He was fluent in English and other European languages and also became fluent in the languages of the native tribes he studied. Malinowski founded Anthropological Functionalism. He believed that all parts of a society formed a balanced system by interacting with each other. One of his achievements was to combine cultural theory with psychology. He believed that all beliefs, ideas, customs and objects fulfills a necessary function, has a goal to attain and is a vital part with the working of the entire society. His emphasis was on the characteristics of rituals, beliefs, religion, ceremonies, sexual taboos and customs. (Bronislaw Malinowski 1884 - 1942) Humans have a quest for knowledge and the truths about reality. We observe the universe in its entirety. Then, we chose a part of the universe to study. A hypothesis is formulated about our observations. Then, we experiment to see if what we have observed can be duplicated each time the methods we have chosen are used. When this happens, we have found truth. An example is that two molecules of hydrogen and one of oxygen will form water. This never varies. Not all theories can be verified by what is called the scientific method. An example of this is the factors that can cause a child to become a juvenile delinquent. A theory might attribute this to a child in a single parent family who is abused and lives among peers who are delinquents. Not all children who have one parent who abuses them and who live in a subculture of crime will become juvenile delinquents although this makes the possibility of delinquency greater. Philosophy is the quest for knowledge and wisdom to be able to understand the natures of humans, the universe, purpose, spirituality and other facets of life. Functionalism is a doctrine of the philosophy of the mind. The theory is that which causes a mental state is not internal, but depends on the role or function a person plays in his or her cognitive system. This is based on Aristotle's theory of the soul. He believed that the soul is "the form of a natural, organized human body - the set of powers or capacities that enable it to express its 'essential whatness', which for Aristotle is a matter of fulfilling the function or purpose that defines it as the kind of thing it is." (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) The soul is not is not a product of the physical condition of the physical body, but show itself in certain parts corresponding to stages of biological development influenced by reason, movement and nutrition.

Operational Management at Mcdonald Essay Example for Free

Operational Management at Mcdonald Essay One aspect of facilities layout for McDonalds is that when customers come into the building, they line up in one of several lines and wait to be served. In contrast, customers at Wendys are asked to stand in one line that snakes around the front of the counter and to wait for a server to become available. a) What is the rationale for each approach? b) Which approach do you favour from (1) a customers perspective and (2) managements perspective? Explain. A Rationale for McDonald approach McDonalds success had been built on four pillars: limited menu, fresh food, fast service and affordable price. Intense competition and demands for a wider menu drive-through and sit-down meals encouraged the fast food giant to customize product variety without hampering the efficacy of its supply chain. McDonalds use assembly line procedures in their kitchen for mass production so as to keep prices low. Speed, service and cleanliness is one of the critical success factors of the business. Lining up in one of the several lines tied into McDonald’s capability statement on speedy service, efficiency and good customer service. Each staff at McDonald is trained to change roles within shifts and this makes resource management during peak and off peak hours manageable. At all times there is enough staff on hand to take care of business and overall effectiveness is improved Drawback to this approach includes huge rental space to accommodate large operational facility. It could also become very costly on staff training. Workforce productivity are not usually related to the number of staff working on a task, and productivity variance may tilt negatively for McDonalds on this. Operating cost are very high and unless this is well managed, it may not necessarily be profitable. Rational for Wendy’s approach The rationale for Wendys old fashioned hamburgers could be traced to the history of unsuccessful attempts to outperform the competition which created the low profile structure. Wendy’s headquarters shifted to Dublin after a merger with Triac, Arby’s parent company and the very conservative style of  European business. Structure of business is very simple and easier to manage; it does not envisage much growth and cater mainly for the bottom line. It will require less space and resources to manage. Also less inventory and therefore less operating cost, however this will also impact on profitability. Drawback to this approach includes disorganized premises during peak hours, unsatisfied customers due to longer wait times for service. Wendy at some point was also suspect for cleanliness and this approach would add more to the problem. Managers Perspective The two approaches shows different business and strategic objectives. McDonald approach depicts a growth oriented organisation that wants to create market dominance in the sector. Wendy concentrates on its core traditional product, so that those who appreciate the product will be kept in the customer chain. The McDonalds style will require acquisition of new business skills and technology while Wendy traditional styles will require less technology. Looking at the management styles, McDonalds is poised to remain the leader in the food chain industry with concentration on their supply chain system and product differentiation methods. McDonalds work with farmers to ensure that produce are sized right and grow to specification, while Wendy concentrates mostly on the beef. With these different styles, McDonalds will be my preference for growth and bottom line. Wendy cannot compare to Mac in the business because more and more happy customers are trooping to Mac for what they see as 21 cent ury improvements.

Coverage of Child Rights Issues in Pakistani Print Media

Coverage of Child Rights Issues in Pakistani Print Media Chapter 2 Literature Review A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to the selected area of study. It is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing scholarly materials about a specific topic. The results of a literature review may be compiled in a report or they may serve as part of a research article, thesis, or grant proposal.(Hart,1998) A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment (Dellinger, Leech, 2007). A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and a comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic (ibid). In this research â€Å"Coverage of child rights issues in Pakistani Print Media; a comparative study of English and Urdu newspapers† researcher uses thematic order for literature review. Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time. Researcher divides the literature review into two sections. Studies on child rights in Pakistan International studies on child rights Studies on Child rights in Pakistani media Studies on Child rights in International media Studies on Human rights Media studies on Human rights 2.1. Studies on Child Rights in Pakistan OMCT (2003) reported in Pakistan Report on the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by Pakistan that in particular, that children are at a high risk to be subject to various forms of abuse and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment and punishment. OMCT is aware that many of the structural causes of the violations of childrens rights require economic and social change at a structural level, we nevertheless feel that some fundamental legislative and administrative changes in the country would enable a better implementation of children’s rights that could lead to a considerable improvement in the lot of children. Therefore, OMCT would like to make several conclusions and recommendations, both legislative and practical. Sadruddin (2011) identified in study on the important issues of child rights in Pakistan that the important issues of children in Pakistan, during 2004-2008. This research article aims to inform practitioners and policy makers, in an effort to move child rights and childrens plight in especially difficult circumstances to the forefront of the public conscience. The value and importance of children has also been highlighted in the study. The efficacy of the implementation of child rights by Pakistani Government has also been revealed. The study revealed that the issues of children were over shadowed in Pakistan during the last few years. The Convention on the Rights of Child did not serve as a guaranteed savior. Education, security and social rights were not given proper attention during the last five years due to which, much effective results were not produced in improving child rights. Although the needs of children and their rights, particularly social and security rights were well understood, but were not well addressed, both on social and political platform. The study concluded that Pakistan was unsuccessful in addressing the issues of Children in Pakistan to its best as the issues of children were found in a vulnerable state. Khan (2011) determined in his work implementing law against child labor: a research study of Pakistan that child Labor is always related to the violation of the basic rights of children. However, every work that children indulge in cannot be categorized as child labor. This article assesses the International norms regarding child labor after understanding the notion of child labor. This article aims to highlight the socio-economic issues responsible for the profusion of child labor in a society. This article thus analyzes the different approaches towards child labor eradication and the prominent hurdles in implementing international and national norms against child labor. A case study of assessing hurdles in laws implementation is done in Pakistan. Pakistan is an economically developing state, that is why the cases of children indulging in health hazard work is prominent. 2.2 International studies on Child rights Jones (2011) described in what are children’s rights? Contemporary developments and debates how the idea of child rights has emerged, identifying the ways in which different pressures for change continue to develop the way rights are legislated for and understood. It has given brief examples of the kinds of policies that are emerging and has shown how changes in long-held attitudes and practices are a consequence of the child rights agenda. The chapter introduced areas key to child rights including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the UK’s Human Rights Act 1996 (HRA). Examples that link child rights to their lived experiences were used to illustrate the ways in which the practical application of legislation affects children and those working with them. Kim (2008) paper considers whether letting children combine work and school is a valid and effective approach in Cambodia. Policy makers’ suggestions that child labor should be allowed to some extent due to household poverty appear ungrounded as no signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cant relation between children’s work and household poverty is found while arranging school time table s à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exibly in order to accommodate households’ perceived need for children’s labor may increase problem s of insufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cient teaching hours if schools conduct their time tables un reliably. Considering these issue s, the paper suggests the need for a more diversià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed app roach to dealing with the impact of child labor on their school education. Claire (2012) Investigated the relationship between representation and cognition in a study with 105 3-7 yr olds designed to test the implications of 2 major theories of childrens drawings. The classical or conceptual theory considers the young childs drawing of the human figure as an index of his concept of a man, and predicts uniformity across representational tasks which vary media and instructions. In contrast, R. Arnheim defines the representational process as the invention of structurally equivalent forms in a given medium, and predicts that representation will vary as a function of the task and the medium. Results of 11 representational tasks support Arnheims theory that representation varies as a function of the medium, instructions, practice, the provision of parts, and the childs developmental level. Sadruddin (2012) evaluated in critical studies on the Asian countries assessment on children rights that the Implementation of Children rights in few Asian Countries, particularly, Pakistan. The study identified the important issues of children in Asian Countries besides highlighting the value and importance of children. The study conclude that although the issues of children were highlighted by most of the Asian countries but the practical Implementation of the Children Rights in Asia, particularly Pakistan, were over shadowed during the last few years. Very few laws were imposed in favor of children rights without practical imposition to resolve the issues of children in Asia. 2.3 Studies on child rights in Pakistani media IFJ (2002) reported in Putting Children in the Right that Those looking for a check list to work from may find this section annoyingly imprecise. The overall duty of a journalist or other media professional doing this kind of work is to act in the best interests of the child and of children and to try to deal with ethical issues with clarity and honesty. This will not guarantee that they make no mistakes, but would dramatically improve the quality of media coverage of children’s issues. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is based on the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity. Journalists should extend those qualities to children. The daily challenge to journalists and media organizations is particularly felt in coverage of children and their rights. Jabeen (2014) This research article child protection data: an analysis of news coverage of child protection issues in Pakistan, argues for the need of systematic data, not only for recognition of child protection issues, but also for formulation and implementation of policy and practice responses in Pakistan. Through a systematic review of the newspaper coverage of child protection issues over a period of 20 years, the actual and potential risks to children are highlighted, thus, providing a methodological justification to use newspapers coverage as a record of child protection problems. Further, with its focus on the language and content of the coverage, this article shows how representation of child protection issues in the print media reflect the existing reality on the one hand, and on the other may affect people’s perceptions of these issues. 2.4 Studies on child rights in International media Cheity (2004) reported in his research work the coverage of child sexual abuse in popular magazines since the early 1990s. The article employs systematic analysis to identify and analyze articles in four popu-lar magazines. Articles are analyzed by subject, length, and publication. The results affirm established theories of newsworthiness related to the coverage of specific stories over time. However, inter-est in the subject waned in the past 10 years, with the brief and dramatic exception of coverage connected to the Catholic Church in 2002. The findings demonstrate systematic differences between the slants of the four magazines studied. The findings also suggest that child abuse professionals could improve the quality of cover-age by agreeing to interviews in connection with articles about childhood sexual abuse. Goddard Saunders (2000) explained in their research work the gander neglect and textual abuse of child rights in print media that in recent years the relationship between the media and child abuse has been subjected to closer inspection. Research at Monash University into the media portrayal of child abuse has led the researchers to examine the language used by the print media to represent both children who have been abused or neglected and the offences committed against them. This paper presents two findings from this research. The analysis firstly found that a child who has been abused or neglected may be objectified in print media language even when the child’s gender is previously identified. Secondly, the analysis found that the language used to describe the sexual abuse of children may serve to reduce the seriousness of offences. These phenomena, termed ‘gender neglect’ and ‘textual abuse’, are highlighted by examples from UK and Australian pri nt media. The authors argue that ‘critical language awareness’ is important for children, just as it has been identified in research that examines the representation of women in print media. Wilczynski, Sinclair, and young (1999) explained in their study Moral Tales: Representations of Child Abuse in the Quality and Tabloid Media that although child abuse is a favorite topic for media stories, there has been little research on how the media portrays such issues. The present research examined the media construction of child abuse in a comprehensive sample of all 1302 reports on the subject during 1995 in a representative quality and tabloid newspaper in NSW. Criminal justice agencies were the predominant sources used for the stories; child abusers were individualized and demonized by the press and used to promote ‘law and order’ agendas; and there was little coverage of the social causes of abuse and prevention issues. Although both the quality and tabloid press demonstrated these features, there were some marked differences between the coverage in the two sources, such as a much greater emphasis on individual cases in the tabloid press. 2.6 Media studies on Human rights Sial (2009) explained in his research named Human rights Reporting in Pakistani Media that Media reports on human rights influence people, but there is a lack of investigative reporting on human rights issues in Pakistan. The journalists do not have the required expertise and training to investigate and report on rights issues. Only a few journalists are committed to human rights reporting whereas most of them are either indifferent to or skeptical of rights issues. The environment is comparatively better for human rights reporting in the English media where journalists are not forced to work in multiple areas and have an educated audience. The Urdu media relies much on sensationalization, a narrative devoid of investigation and personal bias. A balanced and impartial analysis of the issues is largely misssing. Dunn (2012) explained in his research paper on emerging sociological theories on human rights: social structure, human agency, and inequality that sociological theories of human rights are relatively less developed, but such frameworks are crucial for the development of the unique contributions to the human rights topic that sociology can make. Foremost among these is conceptualizing the role of inter-relationships between social structure, human agency, and inequality as they impact human rights and efforts to promote them. Nwanko (2011) reported in his research work Role of the media in promoting human rights: an analysis of the BBC documentary chocolate: The bitter Truth. This study has tried to look into what role the media play in the promotion of human rights. This was done by looking into the case of BBC One and the documentary, chocolate: the bitter truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸, which it produced. The documentary dwelt on the use of child labour in cocoa farms in West Africa. The study was aimed at finding the reason why the BBC chose to promote human rights through the production of the documentary. It also tried to find out how the contents of the documentary are shaped to promote human rights. Human rights theories literature arc commonly incompatible to one or both of Aeijaz (n.d.) expressed in his thesis Theoretical and Philosophical foundation of human rights that human rights theories interpreted as expression of philosophical optimism, even arrogance. The philosophical task is to explicate Minows dilemma of difference† and acknowledge both the fact and fluidity of difference. The objectives of undercurrent research are intending to investigate the comparative analysis of coverage of child rights in Urdu and English Pakistani newspapers. The study of Sial (2009) reported coverage of human rights in Pakistani news media. The findings of that study revealed that Urdu Newspapers sensationalizing the issue. Other studies of literature review are also supporting the arguments of the current research.

Review of movie Wall Street Essay -- Stock Market Wall Street Film Ess

Review of movie Wall Street In the big city of New York there always exist those who push the envelope a bit, and stretch the law. One such man played by Michael Douglas makes money buying and selling others' dreams. He is a stock speculator; but one that succeeds based on illegal inside information. As he puts it "I make nothing, I own" Released in 1987, Oliver Stone's Wall Street is a representation of bad morals and poor business ethics in the business world. It also shows the negative effects, bad morals and poor business ethics can have on society. The film revolves around the actions of two main characters, Bud Fox (Charlie Sheen) and Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas). Bud is a young stockbroker who comes from a working-class family and Gekko is a millionaire who Bud admires and wants to be associated with. Wall Street points out how wrong it is to exchange morality for money. Gordon Gekko reflects this message, and yet receives a standing ovation at a stockholders meeting after delivering his "greed is good" speech. The underlying theme of the movie is that greed is not only not ethical but it lacks moral substance in today?s society. At the start of Wall Street, Bud Fox is young and insecure about the business world. Bud is a broker seeking new clients and offering second-hand advice regarding the buying and selling of stock. Bud makes a visit to Gekko?s office with a box of Cuban cigars on his birthday in hopes of winning him over as a client. He wa...

Noli Me Tangere Cover Symbolism Essay

Major characters: * Juan Crisà ³stomo Ibarra y Magsalin – commonly referred to the novel as Ibarra or Crisà ³stomo, is the protagonist in the story. Son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven years. * Marà ­a Clara de los Santos y Alba – commonly referred to as Marà ­a Clara, is Ibarra’s fiancà ©e. She was raised by Capità ¡n Tiago, San Diego’s cabeza de barangay and is the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego. * Don Santiago de los Santos – known by his nickname Tiago and political title Capità ¡n Tiago is a Filipino businessman and the cabeza de barangay or head of barangay of the town of San Diego. He is also the known father of Marà ­a Clara. * Doà ±a Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaà ±a – commonly known as Doà ±a Victorina, is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy make-up. The novel narrates Doà ±a Victorina’s younge r days: she had lots of admirers, but she did not choose any of them because nobody was a Spaniard. Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaà ±a, an official of the customs bureau who is about ten years her junior. * Dà ¡maso Verdolagas – or Padre Dà ¡maso is a Franciscan friar and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is best known as a notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a cruel priest during his stay in the town. He is the real father of Marà ­a Clara and an enemy of Crisà ³stomo’s father, Rafael Ibarra. * Pilosopo Tasyo – is another major character in the story. Seeking for reforms from the government, he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet similar from hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping â€Å"that the future generations may be able to decipher it† and realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors. * Sisa – is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispà ­n. Described as beautiful and young, although she loves her children very much, she can not protect them from the beatings of her husband, Pedro. * Crispà ­n – is Sisa’s 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the church. After failing to force Crispà ­n to return the money he allegedly stole, Father Salvà ­ and the head sacristan killed him. It is not directly stated that he was killed, but the dream of Basilio sugg ests that Crispà ­n died during his encounter with Padre Salvi and his minion. * Basilio – is Sisa’s 10-year-old son. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his younger brother and the descent of his mother into insanity. At the end of the novel, Elà ­as wished Basilio to bury him by burning in exchange of chest of gold located on his death Maria Clara = Leonor Rivera Ibarra & Elias = Rizal Tasio (the Sage) = Paciano Padre Salvi = Padre Antonio Piernavieja Capitan Tiago = Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas Dona Victorina = Dona Agustina Medel Basilio & Crispin = Crisostomo Brothers Padre Damaso = represents all typical friars of that time

The World of Cosplay Essays

The World of Cosplay Essays The World of Cosplay Paper The World of Cosplay Paper The growing of engineering has introduced assorted mediums of amusement to our state – from the VHS of our parents’ coevals to the Personal computer of today. This has resulted to a high exposure to amusement media such as television series and music of different states every bit good as ours. Before. in the coevals of our parents. partisans of certain series or music groups would acquire together and speak about their involvement. They would even portion and trade ware of their involvement. This involvement shortly developed into a avocation – a avocation of watching shows you love and listening to music groups you admire ; a avocation of speaking about your involvements and doing friends along the manner ; a avocation of roll uping ware related to your captivation ; the possibilities are endless. Today. partisans are easy able to link through the cyberspace. It is easier to run into with fellow fans in forums and confab suites. Sharing and trades are non as common since objects sing these avocations are made handily available by the cyberspace every bit good. If you weren’t able to watch a television series at the clip they air on telecasting. it is possible to watch it by streaming or downloading from the cyberspace. Today. the captivation these partisans have has now been coined as fandom. Of class. the handiness of your involvements does non do you love them less. With the betterment of engineering. fans besides have a wider scope of mercantile establishments for their fandoms. The fans have to level up excessively. Enthusiasts express their captivation through assorted signifiers. As I have mentioned earlier. the aggregation of ware related to the fandom such as Cadmiums and statuettes. Another manner is showing it through art – many are into pulling their favorite characters or composing fanfiction of the narrative they like. As the word suggests. fanfiction is fiction created by fans based from an already bing narrative. A avocation that partisans have levelled up to to show their love for their fandom is cosplay. Cosplay is a combined term by Nipponese partisans from the words costume and play. It is the act of dressing up as fictional characters from your fandoms. However. for the true cosplayers. cosplaying is non merely dressing up and presenting for images as most people assume but it is the act of incarnating a character or individual that you admire. An devouring fan of. let’s say. Naruto. will non merely love the narrative of the series but will doubtless develop a penchant for one of the characters. He will hold a favorite character and as an illustration. I will utilize Sasuke. A fan is a fan because he likes who Sasuke is as a individual of the fictional universe. He has been made known to the personality and history of Sasuke and the small oddities he may hold. A fan knows all these and is a fan because of it. True cosplay is to expose the love you have for a character by being them through costume. There are many misconceptions about cosplay. One of them is the misinterpretation that cosplay is merely about Zanzibar copal. I have mentioned earlier that cosplay is the act of incarnating a character or individual you admire. It doesn’t have to be limited to anime. Since the start of the Star Trek fandom. there have been people dressed up as their favorite characters and moving like them. Possibly even before that. Equally long as you have the true values of a cosplayer so experience free to be whoever you want to be. You can dress as a politician every bit long as you support that politician or it might direct the incorrect message. You can besides dress up as a Disney scoundrel if you so desired. Cosplay is all about holding merriment. Many do non understand cosplay and happen it silly. Some think that people who do cosplay are society misfits who can’t accept world and who they truly are. Others think that cosplayers are merely attention-seekers blowing clip and money. These may keep true for some cosplayers but they are merely a minority. Hey. every big group do hold a few bad apples. Cosplay is an mercantile establishment for people who have an involvement in planing apparels and a fandom. It is the same as playing an instrument or take parting in a certain athletics. Both music and athleticss are mercantile establishments of involvements and are avocations in which we can expose our accomplishments. Cosplay is the same. Cosplayers express their creativeness through doing costumes and seting on makeup and they display their accomplishments by dressing up. It is true that cosplay do costs a batch of money to keep but it is non a waste of money. Spending on something you love is neer a waste of money. Cosplay can really be used as a medium of gaining money. This isn’t possible with merely winning in competitions but there were already instances wherein cosplayers were hired to be subscribers and theoretical accounts. It has been said through the ages that you should make for a occupation what you love. There are many who have made concerns out of their avocations and why should cosplay be any different. Many cosplayers have established concerns involved in prop devising and dress up doing. A cosplayer besides has the pick to be a professional make-up creative person or a professional lensman. Many avocations develop accomplishments in those that are portion of it. Cosplay is no different. Actually. cosplay hones more accomplishments than an mean avocation. If a cosplayer is genuinely active in the avocation. he may besides be involved in hosting conventions for other cosplayers. Outside of a convention. cosplayers are existent people with existent feelings. They are populating mundane with the remainder of us and are non objects of amusement. They are non freaks with mental upsets nor are they dressing up for our viewing pleasance. Cosplayers want us to be happy every bit much as they enjoy cosplaying but we have to handle them with the same regard that we demand from others.

Evolution of Eye Color in Humans

Evolution of Eye Color in Humans The earliest human ancestors are believed to have come from the continent of Africa. As primates adapted and then branched off into many different species on the tree of life, the lineage that eventually became our modern day human beings appeared. Since the equator cuts directly through the continent of Africa, the countries there receive almost direct sunlight all year long. This direct sunlight, with ultraviolet rays, and the warm temperatures it brings pressure for the natural selection of dark skin color. Pigments, like melanin in the skin, protect against these harmful rays of the sun. This kept individuals with darker skin alive longer and they would reproduce and pass down the dark-skinned genes to their offspring. Genetic Basis of Eye Color The main gene that controls eye color is relatively closely linked to the genes that cause skin color. It is believed that the ancient human ancestors all had dark brown or nearly black colored eyes and very dark hair (which is also controlled by linked genes to eye color and skin color). Even though brown eyes are still considered mostly dominant overall eye colors, there are several different eye colors readily seen now in the global population of human beings. So where did all of these eye colors come from? While evidence is still being collected, most scientists agree that the natural selection for the lighter eye colors is linked to the relaxation of selection for the darker skin tones. As human ancestors began to migrate to various places around the world, the pressure for selection of dark skin color was not as intense. Particularly unnecessary to human ancestors that settled in what are now the Western European nations, selection for dark skin and dark eyes was no longer necessary for survival. These much higher latitudes afforded different seasons and no direct sunlight like near the equator on the continent of Africa. Since the selection pressure was no longer as intense, genes were more likely to mutate. Eye color is a bit complex when talking about genetics. The color of human eyes is not dictated by a single gene like many of the other traits. It is instead considered a polygenic trait, meaning there are several different genes on various chromosomes that carry information about what eye color an individual should possess. These genes, when expressed, then blend together to make various shades of different colors. Relaxed selection for dark eye color also allowed more mutations to take hold. This created even more alleles available to combine together in the gene pool to create different eye colors. Individuals who can trace their ancestors to Western European countries generally have a lighter skin color and lighter eye color than those from other parts of the world. Some of these individuals also have shown parts of their DNA that were very similar to those of the long-extinct Neanderthal lineage. Neanderthals were thought to have lighter hair and eye colors than their Homo sapien cousins. The Continuing of Evolution New eye colors could possibly continue to evolve as mutations build up over time. Also, as individuals of various shades of eye colors breed with one another, the blending of those polygenic traits may also result in the emergence of new shades of eye color. Sexual selection may also explain some of the different eye colors that have popped up over time. Mating, in humans, tends to be non-random and as a species, we are able to choose our mates based on desirable characteristics. Some individuals may find one eye color much more appealing over another and choose a mate with that color of eyes. Then, those genes are passed down to their offspring and continue to be available in the gene pool.

Phrases for Greeting People in English

Phrases for Greeting People in English Greetings There are a number of greetings we use when meeting people. These greetings depend on whether we are meeting people, leaving people or meeting people for the first time. Meeting People for the First Time When introduced to someone for the first time, use the following greetings: Hello, its a pleasure to meet you.How do you do. Example Dialogues Person 1: Ken, this is Steve.Person 2: Hello, its a pleasure to meet you. Person 1: How do you do.Person 2: How do you do. Note: The reply to How do you do. is How do you do. This is appropriate when you meet someone for the first time. Meeting People When meeting people during the day, use the following phrases. Formal Good morning / afternoon / eveningHow are you?Its good to see you. Informal HiHey, hows it going?Whats up? Example Dialogues Person 1: Good morning John.Person 2: Good morning. How are you? Person 1: Whats up?Person 2: Nothing much. You?

Inequality of Gender in Sports, Is it warranted Research Paper

Inequality of Gender in Sports, Is it warranted - Research Paper Example Rugby has a legacy of being a violent game, and feminine identities are thought to either subvert this notion (Fields, 2005) or use the violence as a mechanism of enhancing the femininity of the players (Gill, 2007). There are several reasons given within the literature for women enjoying playing such a traditionally masculine sport; one being subverting the traditional notions of femininity, another being that the participants enjoy being part of a game which requires extreme physical strengths. Further reasons include that it gives the women that participate a sense of empowerment and self-confidence. Further interviews suggest that these women simply enjoy the game of rugby and feel it appropriate to play a sport for which they have this affection, gender-roles ignored (Chu et al, 2003). Women participate in rugby for a number of reasons, and the growing interest in the sport helps to suggest that women do not have to resist traditional notions of femininity to be recognized as tr ue rugby players. The history of women’s rugby helps to give some idea of why the sport has developed such controversy. Firstly, the early evolution of the female game is shrouded in mystery, making it hard to define a ‘first female rugby team’ or any other definitive moments (Chandler & Nauright, 1999). Early female rugby players faced challenges about their desires to play such a violent and masculine game (Fields, 2005). One of the most major discrepancies between the female and male games of rugby are the salaries. Not only are there far fewer professional and semi-professional female rugby teams, but the players get paid a significantly lower amount (Chandler & Nauright, 1999). Whilst some female rugby players have suggested that they play simply for a love of the game (Chu et al, 2003), it has been suggested that females should

Discussion Questions VI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Questions VI - Essay Example Market segmentation is a division of the population of consumers into identifiable segments. So within each segment are people with shared characteristics. This makes it easier to identify their needs and wants and identify market opportunities, as the purpose of a segmentation system is to target consumers better. This can affect the product, price, promotion and place in the marketing strategy. One of the determinants of the effectiveness of such an approach is the homogeneity of the segment in terms of consumer behavior. â€Å"The process by which managers make decisions about segmentation in the international consumer market† (Craft, 2004) is therefore an important part of the strategy of segmentation. Segmentation can be made along geographic, demographic, economic, technological or cultural lines. Multinational and global market challenges in any segment must be faced with strategic planning considerations. We shall discuss these in relation to segmentation based on cultural differences and analyze product branding, advertising and promotion for different cultural segments with rationale and examples. A segmentation system based on culture divides consumers according to their customs and traditions, language, beliefs, values, religion, and so on. Subcultures can also be a consideration for further precise segmentation. These aims affect strategic planning considerations involving â€Å"market demographics, sales channels, operational implementation, and adaptable approaches to niche markets currently being served or targeted.† (Bauman, 2002) Planning enables the decision makers to see greater opportunities arising out of the non-traditional core markets. It also makes them evaluate their core competencies, skill sets, product development, competitive advantages, and so on. This then also has implications â€Å"for functional tasks such as the sales planning and advertising† (Dix, 2002) and product branding. Product branding in China presents a

Vulnerabilities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vulnerabilities - Research Paper Example Certificate Authority (CA) and is considered to be the most efficient control in terms of email security (Ellison & Schneier, 2000). In case of secure email, one has to make sure about the sender possessing the key is the one who is the authentic sender. Likewise, when signed email is verified, one of the checks includes the source of the email i.e. the sender. However, if encryption is applied to the public key infrastructure, there is a requirement of identifying people possessing the relevant key to decrypt the message (Ellison & Schneier, 2000). This is the point where email certificates starts to operate, as the certificate ID is a digitally signed message from the CA that is transmitted to the user linked with the public key. However, the (PKI) possess many risks that may lead to vulnerabilities and in the end threats. One of the risks incorporates a breach of keys associated with the signer via unauthorized access or by any other means (Ellison & Schneier, 2000). However, efficient Certificate Authorities can mitigate risks by en effective physical security, personnel security and secure network. Pretty Go od Privacy ‘PGP’ counters these issues as well by incorporating ‘Web of Trust’ including self-governing signatures linked with the single certificate (Ellison & Schneier, 2000). Moreover, for addressing internal security, monitoring of employee emails is a regulatory requirement. However, there are many procedures, tasks and functions associated with it. The requirements can be met by utilizing tools from outlook express that are capable of retrieving certain keywords used in the email. For example, the keyword ‘account’ can retrieve all emails including this specific word. (Bhatnagar, 2012). However, these outlook tools only work individually on each workstation and can be solved by incorporating Microsoft Exchange server. As the server will retrieve all emails of all employees containing the specific

Viacom Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Viacom Company - Case Study Example Beginning in 1970s as cable operator, Viacom has managed to become a global entertainment content company. Currently a major media conglomerate operates through two main segments: Media Networks and Filmed Entertainment, producing and distributing a huge variety of motion pictures. Collecting sufficient number of failures and losses during long period of its formation, in late 1980s the company was bought by Sumner M. Redstone, who managed to see great potential of his acquisition. Hence with a help of numerous successful projects of launching classic sitcoms, Showtime movie network, Ha! Channel a leading conglomerate was able to purchase five television and nine radio stations. However, a decline in popularity of pay-TV compelled the senior management of Viacom to switch the main sphere of its performance, setting new challenges. In this respect, Redstone decided to aim at video rental markets. In 1990s the company made the biggest and most profitable deal, purchasing oldest produce r of motion pictures, Paramount Communications Inc. Later on acquiring Blockbuster, suddenly Viacom became the owner of thousands of video and music stores.

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Literature - Essay Example The point of view literary device in the story is crucial in deciding the perception and stance of the story as it progresses (Dupriez 29). This is a strong influence in determining the overall tone of the story. The author switches point of view a couple of times. At some point, it will be of one of the slaves, and then it switches to the master of the plantation (Murphy 97). This way, the readers are able to take a look into the person's mind and understand their feelings and thoughts better. For example, in Chapter 7 where Eliza is trying to escape and save her child, the narrative is in her point of view: She wondered within herself at the strength that seemed to be come upon her;...and every flutter of fear seemed to increase the supernatural power that bore her on, while from her pale lips burst forth, in frequent ejaculations, the prayer to a Friend above,—â€Å"Lord, help! Lord, save me!†. (Perkins 381) After several paragraphs, the point of view shifts to other characters. Stowe writes â€Å"Andy looked up innocently at Sam, surprised at hearing this new geographical fact, but instantly confirmed what he said by a vehement reiteration† (Perkins 387). Such strategy makes the lines more personal, and provides the readers with a reading experience that makes them understand each person independently. The imagery literary device in the story helps readers create mental pictures of scenes in the story which helps them experience the events more vividly (Dupriez 32). Imagery plays a crucial part in providing mental sketches of important events and scenes such as the deaths of each slave or even the Shelby mansion (Murphy 99-100). This is also evident in the dramatic scene in Chapter 7 where Eliza is running away. The imagery in this scene helps the readers experience the dread, worry, and fear that Eliza is feeling that very moment. ...the bare thought of putting him out of her arms made her shudder, and she strained him to her bosom wit h a convulsive grasp as she went rapidly forward. (Perkins 381) Imagery is used on several parts of the novel. Another example is in showing the experiences a slave endures at the hands of a cruel master. In Chapter 40, Stowe writes â€Å"Legree stood aghast, and looked at Tom; and there was such a silence that the tick of the old clock could be heard, measuring, with silent touch, the last moments of mercy and probation to that hardened heart† (Perkins 396). The reader can almost feel the deafening silence as the slave waits for his Master's reaction. The foreshadowing literary device (Dupriez 19) is seldom used in this novel, but when used, it is in such a powerful manner that makes the readers dread for what they are sure is about to happen (Murphy 105). For example, in Chapter 40 again, Stowe writes â€Å"It was but a moment. There was one hesitating pause,—one irresolute, relenting thrill,—and the spirit of evil came back, with sevenfold vehemence;† (Perkins 396). Readers can immediately feel that despite the hesitation, the quiet moment of reluctance, the comeback of evil will bring Tom something that is even more dangerous, and even fatal. Furthermore, foreshadowing is evident in this line â€Å"Like his Master, he knew that if he saved others, himself he could not save; nor could utmost extremity wring from him words save of prayer and holy trust† (Perkins 397). Here, readers are made to see the eventual fate that

IP5- Relations in trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IP5- Relations in trade - Essay Example Through these policies, the actual people behind businesses and the production of market prodcuts have a sense of need for their efforts. They do not feel cheated and they feel the essence of their contribution to society. Two of such policies are fair trade and free trade. In the contest of Content Cow Dairy, this write-up seeks to delve into the meaning of these two terms; fair trade and free trade by drawing the distinction between them. It also seeks to identify how fair trade is achieved and run. What is more, the write-up seeks to explore some of the preferred corporate management strategies that would work best for Content Cow Dairy. Finally the write-up would identify problems faced by the organisation’s foreign affiliates and success ways of remeding the situation. Fairtrade and Free Trade – the Similarities and Differences Fairtrade and free trade are commercial policies that are directed towards the betterment of producers of market produce and their trading counterparts. Accordong to the Fairtrade Foundation (2011), fairtrade is a policy that requires â€Å"companies to pay sustainable prices (which must never fall lower than the market price).† The idea and need for starting fairtrade was born out of giving a fair deal to producers. â€Å"A fair deal includes a fair price for goods and services, decent working conditions, and a commitment from buyers so that there is reasonable security for the producers† (Tribes & Fair Trade Travel, 2009). This is to say that fairtrade is generally focused towards ensuring that prodcuers of market produce are not cheated – as far as the sale and purchase of their produce are concerned. Writing on freetrade however, the Greenpeace International (2011) observes that â€Å"the act of opening up economies is known as "free trade" or "trade liberalisation."† Simply put, free trade is about businesses and companies having the opportunity to trading and opening up new branches in other coutries without much restrictions. Similarly, both free trade and fairtrade are concerned with the betterment of people who put their efforts in doing business. However there is some level of difference in the sense that whereas fairtrade targets the producer and makes sure that the producer gets what he or she deserves, free trade focuses on the marketer (perhaps the one who buys from the producer) to ensure that the marketer is not limited in his or her attempt to trade off his or her products. Fairly traded Products and Reasons for their Selection The initiative of fairtrade was of course focused on specific products and not all other products. In the United Kingdom alone, The Fairtrade Foundation (2011) argues that â€Å"The Fairtrade Foundation has licensed over 3,000 Fairtrade certified products for sale through retail and catering outlets.† These 3,000 products have been categorised into components with each having minor set of products under it. These major pr oducts are listed under food and non-food products. Under the food products, the products include; Bananas, Cocoa, Coffee, Dried Fruit, Fresh Fruit & Fresh Vegetables, Honey, Juices, Nuts/Oil Seeds/Oil, Quinoa, Rice, Spices, Sugar, Tea and Wine (Fairtrade Foundatio

Viacom Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Viacom Company - Case Study Example Beginning in 1970s as cable operator, Viacom has managed to become a global entertainment content company. Currently a major media conglomerate operates through two main segments: Media Networks and Filmed Entertainment, producing and distributing a huge variety of motion pictures. Collecting sufficient number of failures and losses during long period of its formation, in late 1980s the company was bought by Sumner M. Redstone, who managed to see great potential of his acquisition. Hence with a help of numerous successful projects of launching classic sitcoms, Showtime movie network, Ha! Channel a leading conglomerate was able to purchase five television and nine radio stations. However, a decline in popularity of pay-TV compelled the senior management of Viacom to switch the main sphere of its performance, setting new challenges. In this respect, Redstone decided to aim at video rental markets. In 1990s the company made the biggest and most profitable deal, purchasing oldest produce r of motion pictures, Paramount Communications Inc. Later on acquiring Blockbuster, suddenly Viacom became the owner of thousands of video and music stores.

IP5- Relations in trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IP5- Relations in trade - Essay Example Through these policies, the actual people behind businesses and the production of market prodcuts have a sense of need for their efforts. They do not feel cheated and they feel the essence of their contribution to society. Two of such policies are fair trade and free trade. In the contest of Content Cow Dairy, this write-up seeks to delve into the meaning of these two terms; fair trade and free trade by drawing the distinction between them. It also seeks to identify how fair trade is achieved and run. What is more, the write-up seeks to explore some of the preferred corporate management strategies that would work best for Content Cow Dairy. Finally the write-up would identify problems faced by the organisation’s foreign affiliates and success ways of remeding the situation. Fairtrade and Free Trade – the Similarities and Differences Fairtrade and free trade are commercial policies that are directed towards the betterment of producers of market produce and their trading counterparts. Accordong to the Fairtrade Foundation (2011), fairtrade is a policy that requires â€Å"companies to pay sustainable prices (which must never fall lower than the market price).† The idea and need for starting fairtrade was born out of giving a fair deal to producers. â€Å"A fair deal includes a fair price for goods and services, decent working conditions, and a commitment from buyers so that there is reasonable security for the producers† (Tribes & Fair Trade Travel, 2009). This is to say that fairtrade is generally focused towards ensuring that prodcuers of market produce are not cheated – as far as the sale and purchase of their produce are concerned. Writing on freetrade however, the Greenpeace International (2011) observes that â€Å"the act of opening up economies is known as "free trade" or "trade liberalisation."† Simply put, free trade is about businesses and companies having the opportunity to trading and opening up new branches in other coutries without much restrictions. Similarly, both free trade and fairtrade are concerned with the betterment of people who put their efforts in doing business. However there is some level of difference in the sense that whereas fairtrade targets the producer and makes sure that the producer gets what he or she deserves, free trade focuses on the marketer (perhaps the one who buys from the producer) to ensure that the marketer is not limited in his or her attempt to trade off his or her products. Fairly traded Products and Reasons for their Selection The initiative of fairtrade was of course focused on specific products and not all other products. In the United Kingdom alone, The Fairtrade Foundation (2011) argues that â€Å"The Fairtrade Foundation has licensed over 3,000 Fairtrade certified products for sale through retail and catering outlets.† These 3,000 products have been categorised into components with each having minor set of products under it. These major pr oducts are listed under food and non-food products. Under the food products, the products include; Bananas, Cocoa, Coffee, Dried Fruit, Fresh Fruit & Fresh Vegetables, Honey, Juices, Nuts/Oil Seeds/Oil, Quinoa, Rice, Spices, Sugar, Tea and Wine (Fairtrade Foundatio

Youth Violence and Gang Membership in America Essay Example for Free

Youth Violence and Gang Membership in America Essay Abstract Youth violence and its continuing growth as an epidemic seems to greatly impact and influence the increasing numbers of gang membership in cities and states. Without proper suppression of this epidemic, at risk youth are at greater risk of committing violent crimes and beginning affiliations with gangs or becoming active gang members themselves. There is myriad of reasons for the link between youth violence and gang membership that add to the spread of gang membership in cities and states. Most of these reasons are factors such as poverty, lack of social acceptance, disorganized homes and delinquent behavior. These factors calculated with other problems such as peer pressure, poor academic performance in school and the overall social environment of at risk youth; add to the growing problem of youth violence and its continued influence on growth in the numbers in gang membership and increase the number of violent crimes committed by youth. In order to reduce the growing numbers of gang membership and combat the growing problem of youth violence in cities and states, proper suppression of this epidemic must be accomplished through gang prevention and intervention programs to teach at risk youths the risk and dangers of crimes, violence and gang membership, harsher juvenile offender laws to deter repeat criminal offenses and gang related activities, more interactive and improved positive home environments to show caring and provide sustainable environment that keeps youth from becoming at risk due to the characteristic of a loving family. After school programs to keep kids involved activities like sports, and games to keep them off the streets and away from the influence of youth violence and gang membership. This paper will outline the various risk and dangers of youth violence and its impact on the growth and spread of gang membership in cities and states. This paper will also outline the various efforts, programs and legislations put in place to help combat, control and suppress the epidemic of youth violence and its influence and impact on the growth of gang membership and crime in cities and states. Introduction The intention of this proposed study on the youth violence, crime and gang membership is to examine explore various reasons that contribute to the link between youth violence and gang membership and explore how the relationship between youth violence and gang membership can cause the spread and growth gang membership and crime in cities and states the results of this study will provide important information and insight to the various elements and factors such as poverty, broken homes, lack of social acceptance etc. and how those factors play a role in youth violence and how youth violence can ultimately lead to gang membership and committing crimes of a violent nature for many troubled or at risk youth, and how without proper suppression of these problems such as providing a more structured community environment for at risk youth, to create positive intervention to deter youth violence and gang membership in cities and states and stricter laws and legislation being implemented to pun ish youthful or juvenile offenders to encourage positive choices by at risk youth, this will greatly impact the youth population who will grow up and lead healthy and productive lives. Problem Statement Youth and gang violence has been an issue for more than two decades. There is myriad of reasons for the link between youth violence and gang membership, most of those reasons or factors such as poverty, lack of social acceptance, disorganized homes and delinquent behavior, continue to impact and influence the majority of lives for at risk youths in cities and states who commit crimes and join gangs. Lack of guidance and social injustices that plague at risk youth place pressures on at risk youth that become overwhelming and the overwhelming majority of at risk youth seem to be giving into these pressures causing them to commit crimes and join gangs so they can fit in and belong to something that fills the void of the lack social acceptance, provides a home for them no matter how corrupt it is and allows at risk youth to act in uncontrolled delinquent behaviors and this expands youth violence, crime and gang membership to different cities and states helping this epidemic of youth viol ence and gang membership grow. Through various studies and research it may be possible to understand why so many youth choose violence and gang membership as a way out. But the aim of this study is to understand why and how youth violence and crime impact the growing numbers of gang membership and its spread in different cities and states. Is proper suppression and intervention the real solution to combating youth violence and crime and the growing numbers of gang membership in cities and states? Hypothesis The growth in youth violence and crime is increasing the numbers of gang membership in cities and states and without proper suppression, this will greatly reduce the youth population who will grow up and lead healthy and productive lives. *Note: the positive correlation will show how an increase in the independent variable (the growth in youth violence and crime), will cause a decrease in the dependent variable (the youth population who will grow up and lead healthy and productive lives). Background and Literature Review Youth and gang violence affects and influences 20-30% of the lives of children and teens. It is an epidemic that seriously impacts and changes the lives of children and teens; it causes delinquent behavior, loss interest in school or the need for an education and increase in violent crimes committed by children and teens. The most dysfunctional youth especially those who develop anti-social behavior due to abuse, broken homes or lack of peer acceptance and fitting in and who begin experiencing increased levels of conduct disorders are the most at risk for high levels of youth violence and criminal activity that can contribute to potential involvement in gang affiliation or membership (Howell J. C., 2007). 3 Specific dynamics were classified that are relevant in guiding this study and correlates with the topic of serious problems and contributing factors of youth violence and gang membership. One of the dynamics or factors identified in this article contributing to youth violence and gang membership is alcohol and substance abuse juveniles who drink or use drugs like marijuana are 3.7% times more likely to join gangs. The second dynamic or factor is academic problems. Children and teens with learning disabilities contributing to low self esteem are 3.6 times likely to join gangs. Poor academic performance and loss of interest in school correspond to a 3.1% chance of youths risk for joining a gang. And the third dynamic or factor in this report that is a contributing factor is Family, juveniles or youths in single parent families are 2.4% likely to join a gang than those in two parent homes. Poor parental supervision and low parental attachment 9 out of 10 times lead to gang membership (Stephen Johnson and David Muhlhausen, 2005). Five national basic strategies of gang intervention and suppression that correlate with the topic of lack of proper intervention or suppression of youth and gang violence will reduce the population of youth who will grow up to be productive and lead healthy lives, are best expressed and explained in a book by (Malcolm W. Klein, 2006). This book exposes the many ineffective attempts that have been made to suppress youth gang involvement and the deterrence of youth violence associated with gang membership. This book also examines and identifies community and societal changes that are crucial toward the mobilization and effective efforts needed to suppress youth and gang violence. This book also correlates with the topic of increasing numbers of gang members and the spread of localized gangs to other cities and states is becoming a compelling problem for law enforcement, by focusing on the multiple patterns of gang activity and their shifts in populations of different cities and states. And this book examines the political responses and financial resources that correlate with the topic of how the spread of gang members to other cities and states has become a compelling problem for law enforcement. Summary This study will help increase and enhance the awareness of the existing problems with youth violence, crime and the increasing numbers of gang membership and also add to the body of knowledge that already exist about the dangerous dynamics, influences and impact that youth violence and crime have on the growing numbers of gang membership inside cities and states, and how those dangerous dynamics continue to influence and impact the lives of at risk youths and continue to prevent majority of them from have productive and law abiding lives. Multiple research studies have been done on youth violence and crime and how they affect the dynamic of growing numbers of gang membership and corruption in cities and states. But other studies were not done from an in depth look at the overall dynamic of the problem, instead of the belly of the beast of the dynamic being studied which is youth who are gang members or at risk youth with gang affiliation or connections being explored a through non experimental design controlled measure of self designed questionnaire designed only to explore and distinguish the most at risk factors associated the most serious dangers of youth violence and crime and gang membership the answers obtained from the willing participants in this non experimental design at risk questionnaire will be used to determine and distinguish differences in noted real life experiences and talked up tall tales to gain recognition by a peer review and response of participants so that the differences can be measured use to calculate how youth violence, crime and gang membership all influence and impact the stability of life for serious at risk youths. Having a non-experimental design such as this will be a beneficial in helping better explain the at risk potential of youths by using a descriptive measure that determine the differences between the participants based on their answers that will really show the depth of who is seriously at risk and who is not. Research Design The purpose of this study is determine how and why youth violence and crime so greatly influence and impact the growth and spread of gang membership inside cities and states. This study utilized the quantitative research method and a non- experimental design. A non- experimental design consist of testing relationships between variables without controlling or manipulating subjects and conditions (Maxfield, 2009). This particular research design was chosen for this study because it uses time as a natural experiment and allows casual order to be established, it expands the ways in which the general study can be taken without limits and time restrictions. The measurements of the independent and dependent variables are taken at the same time, and the non experimental design over all is realistic and a better representation of the initial goals of this study by control of extraneous factors statistically that strengthen the efforts and perceived intentions of this study. Specifically designed questionnaires created by the researcher were designed with 10 in depth but short and easy to answer questions pertaining to youth violence, crime, gang affiliation and actual gang membership. These questionnaires were distributed with the help of acquaintances of the researcher who are inner city counselors in the city of Little Rock Arkansas where this study was conducted and the results from this specifically designed questionnaire were used to evaluate the highest at risk potential and for youth who have been in trouble for crimes and who have gang affiliation or have been or who are currently gang members. Using these results a list was created to examine and explore the various type of crimes and gang affiliations or gang memberships existed between the at risk youthful participants and this was used to evaluate the particular part of this population that was chosen for this study. Sampling The sampling plan for this proposed study consist of non probability sampling, the type of non probability sampling used in this study was convenience sampling the population N= 1000 out of 2500 possible in the proposed population are accessible and easiest to recruit due to the complex nature of this study convenience sampling was selected because it would be impossible to represent the whole population without bias and was less time consuming does not require generalization of the whole population just the population under study. 1000 out of 2500 potential participants were chosen based on the highest risk factors of gang violence, gang affiliation and gang membership and that data collected was used to provide the samples of at risk youth that were chosen for this study. N= 1000 the particular population chosen for this study n= 500 out of the 1000 based on the answers of the questionnaire had been in trouble with the law or had broken the law in some way between the ages of 15 and 17 n= 200 out of the other 500 youthful participants chosen for this study have been or are currently gang members n= 300 confessed or admitted to being a gang member or having been a gang member. Data collection 1000 at risk youth out of 2500 were selected based on risk factors and potential of having been in a gang, having gang affiliation or being in a gang or having committed a crime the determination of these risk factors and potential were based answers given to the questionnaire distributed by the researcher and his acquaintances that aided in the study the selected population N= 1000 that were selected for the study had the overall highest grossing factors and potential for being affiliated with gangs based on their answers the population N= 1000 selected for this study had committed a crime between the ages of 15 to 17, had been known to have gang affiliation as early as 9 to 12 years of age and most had become fully fledged gang members by the age of 15 to 21. It was determined based on the specific answers of the at risk youth participants in this study most came from broken homes, troubles in school, and lack of social acceptance to better understand the dynamic of why the youthful participants of this study were so apt to commit crimes, associate with gangs or become gang members themselves extensive reviews were done of the questionnaires of the selected population chosen for this study since the participating participants refused to do face to face interviews, and it was determined overall that most chose these options in life because they had n other choice and based on statistics associated with youth violence, crime and gang membership obtained from secondary sources tested against the sampling dynamic of this study it was determined that these exterior factors are the reason youth violence and crime is Ideally responsible for the growing numbers of gang membership in cities and states as this study was intended to prove. Data collection tools This study utilized a specifically designed questionnaire that was designed by the researcher and consisted of ten simple but dynamic questions related to involvement in youth violence, committed crimes or participation in crimes, association or affiliation with gangs and actual gang membership or former gang membership. The questionnaire was a good and effective way to collect data from the total population that participated because based on the answers from total population it made easier to measure the independent and dependent variables crucial to the importance of this study and help calculate the differences in answers to help measure which participants had the highest risk factors for being at risk for crime, gang affiliation and gang membership. This made it possible to choose the sample population that would be used to conduct this study. Ethical Issues Conducting a survey with at risk youth was a challenge on all levels, it had to be made clear by the researcher of this study to the participants that their participation was strictly voluntary so they would not feel they were being force to betray any loyalties their possible gang or affiliation with a gang. It was also important for the researcher to make it clear to the participants that none of their answers or information would be shared especially with law enforcement to ensure trust and maintain a level of participation needed for data collection of the study. It was also important for the researcher to point out to the participants that they did not have to answer any question that made them feel seriously uncomfortable in order to maintain a warm and inviting environment for the participant’s voluntary participation. An initial consent form was distributed by acquaintances of the researcher who aided the researcher in distributing the questionnaire used in this study that outlined the potential intent of this study, and pointed out it was voluntary with no compensation just a routine study being conducted to better understand the topic under study, affording the participants to back out at anytime they choose (Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects, 2006). And the importance of the study was expressed to the participants how their participation and insight in the study could help other at risk youth from facing the same hardships and adversities they faced or were still facing allowing a sense of accomplishment to be felt by the participants that would aide in their willingness to participate. Research Consideration The initial concern for reliability and validity of this study is that the factors and elements of the study will support its initial intent, which was to explain the effects and impact youth violence has on the growing numbers of gang membership in cities and states. And another initial concern of in this area of the study is that the exterior factors will not confound or confuse the initial intent of the study. The core components of the dynamics and risk factors of youth violence crime and how the impact the growing numbers of gang membership was addressed and examined through insightful answers of specified questionnaire and measured and compared through the initial answers of all participants and measured to sample a population for testing using the answers from that questionnaire that came from that population selected for this study produced the strengths and weakness viable to be proven by the implementation of this study. The ethical issues of this study would be the dynamic and concern of the overall justification of the study through the proven methods that were used to collect data important the reliability of this study and the question of was the most fair and inviting environment used to conform to the nature of the chosen participants of this study and their rights and insight obtained and used as data respectfully collected in given justice in initial representation of this proposed study. Conclusion The growth and expansion of youth violence and crime can play dynamic role in the increased numbers of gang membership in cities and states. By providing positive interaction both at home and in communities and giving hope and alternatives to violence and corruption that youth violence ensues upon most youth families and communities of at risk youth can deter crimes committed by youth by keeping them involved in various other activities that allow them no time to consider element of delinquency that are normally associated with youth violence and crime. In a unified effort to counter deter this horrible epidemic that plague so many youth in society today it important for parents to be involved and know what is going on in their child’s lives as much is possible it is important for teachers and educators to pay close attention to the interest of their students and provide a safe learning environment as well as the parents at home to provides safe and inviting environments so the frustrations of youth does not become so overwhelming that they turn to the alternatives of violence, crime, gang affiliation or potential gang membership that can contribute the serious problems of corruption and violence that is growing and spreading in cities and states across the board in the United States. It is important to remember without positive reinforcement and interaction provided by parents and surrounding communities at risk youth simply fall into crime, violence and gangs that reduce the number of youth who will grow up to lead healthy and productive lives in society. References Esbensen, F.-A. (2000). Preventing Adolescent Gang Involvement. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 1-8. Howell, J. C. (2007). Realities of Youth Gangs. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 39-45. Howell, P. A. (2004). Strategic Risk-Based Response to Youth Gangs. Juvenile Justice Causes and Correlates: Findings and Implications, 1-4. (2006). Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects. Austin: University of Texas- Pan American. Malcolm W. Klein, C. L. (2006). Street Gang Patterns and Policies. New York: Oxford University Press. Maxfield, M. B. (2009). Basics of research methods in criminal justice and criminology 2nd edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. Stephen Johnson and David Muhlhausen, P. (2005). North American transitional youth gangs: Breaking the Chain of Violence. Washington: The Heritage Foundation.

How to Identify Different Types of Learners

How to Identify Different Types of Learners How does a teacher identify the different types of learners in a language classroom and how best plan for this afterwards? ‘†¦plan, teach / act, observe and reflect†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Sue Davidoff and Owen van den Berg, 1990) The Observation My observation was undertaken at the British Council in Kuwait/Gulf Region[ej1]. The observation class was of mixed nationality Arabic Language speakers at Intermediate level. There were twenty students in total, 80% males to 20% females. The class comprises of 30% students, 60% working or professional people 10% homemakers others. The age range is between 20 to 55 years. The class is halfway through a 6 months language course. I observed and was involved in a 90 minute lesson focusing on vocabulary, reading and speaking. At the end the teacher answered my prepared questionnaire (see Appendix)[ej2]. The following essay consists of a brief theoretical, analytical and practical examination of learning styles and typologies in a language classroom and how best to plan for them. It includes an analysis of specific elements from the observed lesson (see Appendix for a transcript[ej3]) put in the context of theory and intended future practise. To support the lesson, the teacher used the white board, an overhead projector with one transparency and three handouts. Whole class work focused on provision of vocabulary and contextualisation of the material. The material was real and relevant to contemporary interests and cultures. The teacher used discussion starters to motivate and encourage student interest and involvement (as Allwright and Bailey advise, 1991) Responses were elicited from the class and supported through teacher modelling of pronunciation and writing on the white board. Individual work was limited. The teacher had established small groups (three to four students) aimed at balancing ethnic background and gender. Research shows the importance of understanding and catering for different learning styles and cognitive strategies. When a learning style is not catered for, the student can easily become ‘bored and inattentive, do poorly on tests, get discouraged about the course, and may conclude that they are not good at the subjects’ (Zhenhui, 2001). Various parameters have been constructed for defining student’s preferred way of learning, such as Knowles (1982) concrete, analytical, communicative and authority-orientated learning styles (cited in Richards, 1994). Another defines the groups as auditory, visual and kinaesthetic learning styles (Krause et al, 2003, pp154-155) whilst figure 1 gives a representation of student and teacher inter-reactions dependent on learning styles. Some researchers such as Richards (1994, pp.59-77) consider an individuals culture as vital to understanding learning styles. Ladson-Billings (1995) advocates a method of Culturally Responsive Teachin g which integrates cultural points of reference through out the learning process. Others disagree (Kubes, 1998, cited in Krause) and cite more universal forms of learning. This class was both interested and engaged in its learning. However, during the interview, the teacher expressed a wish that there was more time for individual tailoring. The teacher acknowledged that this would better cater for the range of learning styles. More concrete resources (actual materials eg fruit, etc) and increased use of visual aids (magazines, more transparencies, laminated pictures) may also help to convey understanding and increase retention. Two ‘tests’ were used during the class one was a linking exercise and one a reading exercise. The teacher finished the lesson with each student expressing an opinion on an article using the lessons language. Whilst these were not formal tests, they involved assessment strategies. As Nunan points out (1990, p62) assessment contributes part of the information for student evaluation. As this infers, the tools for student assessment, be they observational, formative or summative, need to balance with an understanding of the ‘bigger picture’. For example, the goal may be to allow students to understand, practise and develop their own language and learning strategies (see Hismanoglu’s exploration of Language Learning Strategies, 2000) – be they direct or indirect strategies (Oxford, 1990, p9). Most students require clear and precise scaffolding (Vygotsky, in Krause, 2003, pp60-65) to develop their metacognitive practises for making meaning. Assessme nt can act as a benchmark to the success of the learning process and show the teacher areas that need to be covered again or in a different way. There is no space here to do full justice to the impact of the learning environment upon students yet it needs inclusion for a balanced understanding of students learning styles. Suffice it to say that, as Nunan and Lamb say (1996), the teacher needs to aim for a safe, positive and progressive environment that encourages student participation, thinking and risk-taking. Much as assessment is an end result of reflection upon what one wants to define, the learning environment should be based upon a thorough understanding of theoretical aspects. For example, traditional teaching methods tended towards a unitary approach to intelligence. Contemporary theories, such as Gardner’s work on multiple intelligences (cited in Krause et al, 2003) allow for the inclusion of variable factors that define a student’s strengths and weaknesses. Many agree with Wilson’s (1998) assertion that Gardner’s MI theory helps teachers createâ€Å"†¦more personalized and diversifi ed instructional experiences† and develops â€Å"empowered learners† (http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm) Figure 2. Adapted from Huitt, 2004, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html This holistic approach agrees with an understanding of other influences upon learning, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for example (see Figure 2), or Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory. These ‘ecological’ factors encourage more integrated forms of assessment and are particularly useful in understanding various forms of ‘washback’ (see Cushing Weigle, 2002) that may result. Other more structured tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indications Survey, (Myers McCaulley, 1985) may also have their place. The teacher used gender and ethnic background to balance the groups. The groups worked well together in a pro-social manner. However, Woods encourages conscious examination of an educators own attitudes, especially when the may cause subconscious actions and opinions to form (Woods, 1996). Should the two parameters of gender and ethnicity become constraints, then they are not valid means of group construction. Sometimes is appeared that not all group members contribute in their cooperative learning. However, research has shown that even those who do not appear to be so communicative do benefit to a degree from the listening and processing that this format provides. It may be that they are better at working individually and as such should have the opportunity to do so. The teacher used elements of the 3 P’s approach presentation, practise, production. However, as the lesson transcript shows, the language was expanded in what became more of a Harmer-style engage – study – activate method. I would like to list the implications for my own teaching under the following points: Use a wide range of teaching strategies and styles to ensure comprehension eg support spoken material with writing on the white board, leave the transparency up on the overhead projector, bring in concrete materials, provide visual clues, model your required responses, â€Å"set short, realistic goals and review and recycle often.† (Antonaros, 2005 ), role play, use song. Use methods according to the area you wish to cover, the materials you have prepared and present concisely and precisely. If the area is suited best to direct instruction then use it, if student-centred instruction or co-operative groups then vary accordingly. Motivation and interest are paramount, but sound understanding is the goal. Prepare your materials so that they are interesting, real, relevant, encourage thinking whilst supporting language development. Take an action research approach to (for example Wright’s, 1987, 2005) to develop a thorough understanding of my students learning and cognitive styles and my own attitudes. Use active listening to understand, modelling to improve and discussion to encourage communication Use teacher modelling strategies to develop the student’s autonomous language learning skills as exemplified by Lowes and Target (1998) in Helping Students to Learn. Providing a positive learning environment where mistakes are not derided Assign homework that re-caps and therefore re-enforces the issues covered in the lesson. Ensure equity in communication – make sure everyone has a chance to speak. â€Å"Every teacher who has taught a group of grown-ups knows that some individuals may be reluctant to speak, especially when they realize or assume that other students are more fluent.† (Turula, 2002) References Allwright, D. Bailey, K. (1991). Focus on the Language Classroom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Antonaros, S. (no date) Looking Inside and Out for the Answer to Motivating Our Learners http://www.tesolgreece.com/nl/75/7505.html) Accessed 7th February 2006 Davidoff, S., Van Den Berg, O. (1990) Changing Your Teaching. The challenge of the classroom. Pietermaritzburg: Centaur Publications Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of Mind. New York: Basic Books, Harmer, J (1998) How to Teach English. Harlow, UK: Longman Hismanoglu, M. (2000) ‘Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching’, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VI, No. 8, August 2000 Knowles, L (1982) Teaching and Reading. London, UK: National Council on Industrial Language Training. Krause, K., Bochner, S., Duchesne, S. (2003) Educational Psychology for learning and teaching. Southbank, Victoria: Thomson. Kubes, M (1998) Adaptors and innovators in Slovakia: Cognitive style and social culture. European Journal of Personality, 12(3), pp.187-198 Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). But thats just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 34(3), 159-165. Lowes, R. Target, F. (1998). Helping Students to Learn. London: Richmond. Malamah-Thomas, A. (987). Classroom Interaction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Nunan, D., Lamb, C. (1996). The Self-Directed Teacher. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. Oxford, R. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. New York, USA: Newbury House Publishers. Richards, J.C., Lockhart, C.L. (1994). Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Richards, J.C. Nunan, D. (eds.). Second Language Teacher Education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Turula, A (2002) Language Anxiety and Classroom Dynamics: A Study of Adult Learners. Forum English Teaching Online, US Dept of State, Vol. 40 (2). http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol40/no2/p28.htm#top Wilson, L (1998). Whats the big attraction? Why teachers are drawn to using Multiple Intelligence Theory in their classrooms? http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm Accessed 7 February 2006 Woods, D. (1996) Teacher Cognition in Language Education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Wright, T. (1987). Classroom Management in Language Education. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Wright, T. (1987). Roles of Teachers and Learners. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Zhenhui, R. (2001) ‘Matching Teaching Styles with Learning Styles in East Asian Contexts’, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VII, No. 7, July 2001 Websites Matching teaching styles: http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Zhenhui-TeachingStyles.html accessed 3 February 2006. Language Learning Strategies: http://iteslj.org/Articles/Hismanoglu-Strategies.html accessed 3 February 2006 Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs, Huitt, 2004, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html. Accessed 7 February 2006 Language Teaching http://www.ittmfl.org.uk/modules/effective/6a/paper6a4.pdf accessed 5 February 2006 [ej1]Where exactly, or does this remain hypothetical? [ej2]Need to verify and add number [ej3]Need to verify and add number

“Our Top Story”: Analysis of News Conventions in the NBC Nightly News E

News broadcasts have been a staple in the lives of many long before the invention of the television. As technology changed, the place of the newscaster shifted from the radio to the television screen. These earliest years of television news did not adhere to the same conventions as the modern newscast. Moving from radio to television as the major source of broadcast news brought on new challenges. In order to do so, networks were forced to experiment with how stories and new anchors would be presented to their television audiences (Conway, 2007). Newscasters who were once popular among audiences could no longer be certain that this popularity would remain. Audiences who had once been captivated by the voice of an unseen man being transmitted over the airwaves were beginning to lose interest watching a man, eyes down, reading prepared lines from a card (Conway, 2007). It became apparent that the format so often used for radio newscast would no longer be sufficient when applies to a visual medium like television. As years went by, television networks began trying new ways to captivate their audiences once more. In this early period of news broadcasting many of today’s familiar conventions would be developed often times through experimentation. The use of graphics, video footage, images and other visual aids to the anchor on set were all developed in some of the earliest years of television news (Conway, 2007). These developments could then be employed as supplementary additions to the anchors delivery of the news and give the audience something more to view on their screen. The use of visual aids allowed for newscasts to features instances â€Å"where the newscaster appeared on camera, other times his voice guided the viewer ... ...asey, N., Calvert, B., French, L., & Lewis, J. (2008). Television studies: The key concepts. (2 ed., pp. 183-189). New York, NY: Routledge. Conway, M. (2007). A guest in our living room: The television newscaster before the rise of the dominant anchor. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 51(3), 457-478. Engstrom, E., & Ferri, A. J. (1998). From barriers to challenges: Career perceptions of women tv anchors. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 75(4), 789-802. NBC news (producer). (2013, February 8). NBC nightly news [video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1LS7zthsHc NBC news (producer). (2013, February 22). NBC nightly news [video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1sEkQj2jWc NBC news (producer). (2013, September 30). NBC nightly news [video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kT_Pl7LjVow

Lewis And Clark :: essays research papers fc

The Lewis and Clark expedition across the present day United States began May 14, 1804. With the approval of President Jefferson and the U.S. Congress, Lewis and Clark gathered an exploration party of about four dozen men. These men headed off to discover Western America. On September 1, 1805, they arrived at the Bitterroot Mountains, near present day Idaho. This began a nightmare that would not end until they reached modern-day Weippe. September 1, 1805, the explorers set out traveling west, heading into rough, seldom traveled, mountainous country. They stopped at today’s North Fork of the Salmon River, known as Fish Creek to Lewis and Clark, where they caught five fish, and were able to kill a deer (MacGregor 125). Some of the men’s feet and horse’s hooves were injured due to the rough, rocky terrain. The next day, they were entering mountains far more difficult to pass than any American had ever attempted (Ambros 284). Clark describes the route: "Throuâ⠂¬â„¢ thickets in which we were obliged to cut a road, over rocky hillsides where horses were in perpetual danger of slipping to their certain distruction and up and down steep hills†¦" (De Voto 232). Traveling along the steep hills, several horses fell. One was crippled, and two gave out. Patrick Gass described the trip that day as, "†¦the worst road (If road it can be called) that was ever traveled" (MacGregor 125). To make conditions even worse, it rained that afternoon, which made the trail even more treacherous. The party was only able to travel five miles that day. On September 3, snow fell and the team’s last thermometer broke. Several more horsed slipped and injured themselves. Later that day, the snow turned into sleet. The expedition family consumed the last of their salt pork and fish and began their descent into the Bitterroot Valley. That night, was the coldest yet. The next day, the party went down a very steep descent to a river that Le wis named, Clark’s River, (Today known as The Bitterroot River.) There, they encountered a band of Salish Indians, whom the captains called Flatheads. They stayed there with the Indians the next couple of days to trade. They acquired thirteen new Appaloosa Horses, including three colts, for seven worn out horses. The Salish Indians shared berries and roots with the men for their meals. On September 6, they set off traveling northward along the Bitterroot River for about ten miles.

Dost File

Spanning the millennium head on Department of Science and Technology Region IV-A Vol. XVI No. 2 February 2008 DOST-ITDI, ICETT implement GFIS Joined hands with DOST CALABARZON in â€Å"greening† environments The Industrial Technology Development Institute, a line agency of DOST, in cooperation with the International Center for Environmental Technology Transfer (ICETT), based in Yokkaichi City, Prefecture of Mie, Japan, and select DOST Regional Offices are firing up local initiatives to boost productivity yet still preserve local environment. ICETT, with the support and cooperation of its own national and local governments, industry, and academe, utilizes Japan's collected industrial technologies and administrative measures on environmental conservation. It applies these to implement programs and projects on the same together with participating countries. The aim is to enhance â€Å"greening† of regional environments and prevent their destruction overseas, thus achieving conservation globally. Together with ICETT, the Philippines as participating country is thus implementing â€Å"Green Framework of Innovative Strategy on Sustainable Consumption and Productivity† or GFIS, a five-year project of DOST-ITDI through its program on Cleaner Production. GFIS aims to: 1. Establish model industrial-eco barangays, towns and communities; 2. Improve environmental performance of both local industries and its community through environmental awareness, Cleaner Production (CP), Energy Efficiency (EE), and Environmental Management System (EMS); and 3. Recommend provisions for inclusion in policy recommendations to local government units and national government agencies. GREENHOUSE EFFECT GFIS aims to enhance â€Å"greening† of regional environments thus contributing to global diminution of the Greenhouse Effect. The greenhouse effect refers to the way in which gases in the Earth’s atmosphere warm the Earth like the glass roof of a greenhouse—by letting sunlight in but keeping the reflected heat energy trapped inside. These naturally occurring gases, notably carbon dioxide and water vapor, are called greenhouse gases. DOST CALABARZON Bulletin February 2008 DOST-ITDI claims that one of the components of GFIS under the CP program is technological capacity building of staffs. It added CP is a forward looking â€Å"anticipate and prevent philosophy. † Thus, firms prevent pollution before they occur resulting in reduced wastes generated at source. This indirectly reduces operating costs and increases safety of workers. The results are an improved corporate image as perceived by the public and global competitiveness. GFIS is being pilot tested at DOST NCR, DOST CALABARZON and DOST Region V. DOST CALABARZON through Guilberto A. Veluz, Center Manager for Technical Operations, recently initiated conduct of a three-day training and workshop for Cleaner Production Assessors of the region at Batis Aramin Resort and Hotel in Lucban, Quezon. The Regional Office intended to build CP and EE technical capabilities of 18 CP assessors from five state universities in CALABARZON. These include Provincial S Center of Quezon, Cavite State University, Laguna State Polytechnic University, Batangas State University, University of Rizal System, and the Southern Luzon State University. During the training, the assessors evaluated production of Center Miki Factory and Valde’s Poultry Farm in Lucban, and Capistrano Distillery and Kamayan sa Palaisdaan in Tayabas. The assessors completed drafting of the FiRST Reports (Findings, Recommendations, Schedules and Tasks) and gave copies to management representatives of participating firms. They will submit the complete CP report one month after the training. (AMG) NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE DOST-PTRI puts to good use young coconut husks Develops textile dye While most of us enjoy the hot sum mers drinking â€Å"Buko† juice (juice form young coconut) and nibbling on its fresh meat as an effort to while away time, the Philippine Textile Research Institute (DOSTPTRI) found good use for the young coconut husks which we usually throw away. DOST-PTRI turned difficult to remove stains from these husks into a textile dye called coconut pink. They found out that young coconut husk extract imparts red to maroon color on silk, pina-seda and pina while it produces an old rose color on cotton. They also established colorfastness, laundering and light ratings of the dyed materials and found these to be satisfactory for all these types. Coconut husks’ potential to impart red color comes as a necessary indulgence for textile manufacturers who use in great quantities the non-colorfast red dye from sibukao (Caesalpinnia sappan). The textile institute’s research study revealed that young coconut husks sourced from different locations produce varying shades of red. This required thus hue and color tint matching capabilities and adjustments in the dyeing parameters. In addition, DOST-PTRI found that coconuts from high elevations yield almost no color compared with coconuts from coastals and low- lying areas. This new use for young coconut husks holds promise for additional income for farmers. Likewise, the new technique’s requirement for compulsory chopping of husks before extraction facilitates rapid decomposition. This reduces the risk of clogging of waterways and drainage systems along coconut processing villages. Incidentally, this emerging natural dye industry runs complimentary to the National Coconut Agenda as it does not compete with the food and health uses of coconut. DOST-PTRI pilot tested the young coconut husk extraction and textile application technology using materials from the Bahaghari and kaLIKHAsan Collection of Kingsmen Corporation and Mariana Fashion Apparels, respectively. The technique forms part of the package of technologies adopted and commercialized by Soumak Collection to produce one of their original color options. Their dyed creations are sold in select shops in California, New York City, parts of Asia, and soon in Europe. Soumak Collection also tried the new dyeing technology on cotton bed linens for their Bed and Beddings collection.  µ (PTRIAMG) DOST CALABARZON Bulletin NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE February 2008 Space Technology Committee pushes for acquiring SATELLITE for RP In a resolution signed during the recent Second National Congress on Space Technology Applications and Research (NCSTAR), some 25 government and private agencies declared that the Philippines badly needs its own earth-observing satellite which can provide real-time data crucial in disaster monitoring and weather forecasting. â€Å"An earth observation system will be beneficial to the country,† says Dr. Reynaldo Ebora, Executive Director of the Department of Science and Technology’s Philippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCASTRD), convenor of the congress. â€Å"The Philippines is perennially affected by natural disasters, making timely, synoptic space-based information a necessity. † Participants to the Second National Congress gave solid support for a proposal to explore possibilities of acquiring the country’s own earth-observing satellite. Once acquired, the satellite will provide weather forecast months in advance. It can predict where diseases like malaria and SARS are most likely to arise. While most may look at the acquisition as a way to avoid bother in their daily activities, regular incidence of typhoons and their resulting diseases show the importance of the satellite in saving lives and properties. According to DOST’s space technology expert Dr. Jose Edgardo Aban, having our own earth-observing satellite can assist the country in monitoring our land surface, biosphere, atmosphere, and surrounding oceans. The satellite can track environmental changes in areas it is assigned. Processes that the earth undergoes, be it biological, ecological, climatological, or geological, can be monitored and better understood. These will enable us, especially our leaders and experts, to make more informed decisions that may affect lives, the environment, and the economy. Aside from these, it can monitor forest fires, predict the effect of air quality on people, provide farmers with immediate forecast to help maximize agricultural yields, and calculate the pattern of typhoons and storms. Likewise, participants proposed the inclusion of satellite development and other related space technology applications in the school curriculum and strengthening the coordinative functions of the current Science and Technology Coordinating Council – Committee on Space Technology Applications.  µ DOST scholar grad finds 900 BLACK HOLES in the sky A Department of Science and Technology-Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI) scholar-graduate is now making waves in the international astronomical world after leading a team that discovered the largest number of super massive black holes in the centers of galaxies in the universe. Reinabelle Reyes, a PhD student at Princeton University and a BS Physics summa cum laude graduate at the Ateneo de Manila University in 2005, led a team of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) scientists that discovered a large number of â€Å"hidden quasars† that are shrouded in light-absorbing dust and gas. According to Reyes, her team found around 900 hidden quasars, which is by far the largest sample ever found. â€Å"We found that hidden quasars make up at least half of the quasars in the nearby universe, implying that most of the powerful black holes in our neighborhood had previously been unrecognized,† she said. She added their discovery shows that powerful black holes are more common in the last eight billion years of cosmic history than had previously been thought and that the relative numbers of hidden compared to normal quasars show how the appearance of dust and gas determine the presence of a hidden quasar. The large number of hidden quasars we discovered implies that most of the light emitted by quasars is actually obscured. Moreover, because the light from these hidden quasars previously had been unaccounted for, black holes turn out to be more efficient in converting the energy of in-falling matter into light than we had thought,† she said. The research team presented its discovery last January 9 at the annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Austin, Texas, and has submitted a paper describing the research for publication in the Astronomical Journal. Reyes said their project is the culmination of the graduate thesis work of her co-author, Nadia Zakamska, a long-term postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Advanced Study, under the supervision of Princeton professor Michael Strauss. Dr. Ester B. Ogena, Director of the DOST-SEI, said Reyes' success in her career is a glaring example of the quality of scholar-graduates the country produces and the vast potential the Philippines has in space science. We hope that our students would be able to get inspiration from Reyes and pursue a career in the sciences that will 2 hopefully add to the roster of our great astronomers and space scientists,† she said.  µ (PCASTRD AMG) DOST CALABARZON Bulletin 2008 NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEFebruary NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE WHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE Formation of a Bl ack Hole In the red giant phase towards the end of a star’s life, a star with up to 1. solar masses becomes unstable and ejects its exterior layers into space (1), creating a planetary nebula, before contracting again to form a white dwarf, which cools, eventually becoming a black dwarf, too cold to shine. If the red giant is more massive, it generates heavy elements like iron and grows (2) to form a supergiant. Then it explodes and its matter is released into space. If the entire supergiant explodes (3), this is a supernova. Depending on its mass, the supernova gives birth either to a neutron star or, for even higher-mass stars, a black hole. If only the outer part of the supergiant explodes (4), a nova forms. The DOST-SEI has laid the groundwork for a Philippine Space Education Program in the country following a designation by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationParis to act as focal point for its space-education program and related activities in the Philippines. It aims to promote science and technology, particularly space science, to Filipino students. The PSEP also seeks to engage the Filipinos in the exploration of space science and technology and the process of science in various disciplines in an effort to create an educated public and o generate future space science explorers. Likewise, the PSEP aims to create awareness among the students in career opportunities in the various fields of science and engineering including space science that would raise standards and address skill shortages towards national development. It also aspires to establish linkages and partnership with space organizations and institutions for possible assistance and collaborati on in space science education programs and projects.  µ (DOST-SEI) DOST CALABARZON Jamboree Road, Timugan Los Banos, Laguna 4030 STAMP 2